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Introduction: Tooth loss increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, its association with overall and cancer mortality, especially according to social gradient and smoking status, remains underexplored. Dental caries has recently emerged as a risk factor for CVD, but its association with mortality has not been well studied. This study aims to evaluate the associations between untreated caries, tooth count, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the US population.

Methods: A prospective cohort of nationally representative samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2010 containing 15,242 adults 30 years or older without heart disease, stroke, and cancer at baseline was included in analyses. Exposures were the total number of permanent teeth (including the third molar) and untreated caries assessed by trained and standardized dentists or health …