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Anchovy (Coilia mystus) protein hydrolysate (APH) and its Maillard reaction product (APH-M) with d-ribose were subjected to in vivo mouse behavioral trials and associated with biochemical analyses, in vitro H₂O₂-stressed PC12 cell assay and inhibition of acetylcholin esterase (AchE) to explore the mechanism of the behavioral trial findings. Results revealed that both APH and APH-M could alleviate undesired alterations on hippocampus ultrastructure of mice, protect PC12 from H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, and inhibit AchE activity in vivo and in vitro, suggesting the well-being potential for combating memory-impairment in mice. Moreover, APH-M exhibited much stronger abilities above than APH. The test of acetylcholinergic system indicated that APH-M would improve memory mainly through regulating the AchE activity, while APH through controlling the mRNA expression of ChAT and AchE activity. Therefore …