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To further promote the development of bitumen microstructures and components, the research progresses of bitumen chemical component, microstructure theory, simulation, and experimental methods were summarized. The physical and chemical properties of four components of bitumen, and the influence of wax and heteroatoms on bitumen microstructure were investigated. The bitumen microstructure was studied by combining bitument colloid theory and modified Yen model. The molecular dynamics and phase-field method commonly used in bitumen microstructure research were analyzed. The research progress of gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, small angel scattering technology, microscopy technique in the study of bitumen microstructure was summarized. Research results show that bitumen should be regarded as a chemical continuum system. The molar mass, hydrogen to carbon ratio, and the polarity of molecules in bitumen gradually change in the order of saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene. Waxes with a main carbon chain greater than C40 can be regarded as asphaltene components. The oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur heteroatoms of bitumen exist in the form of characteristic functional groups in the polar components such as asphaltenes, resins, and aromatics, which are key parameters of bitumen molecular structure and are closely related to the adhesion properties of bitumen-aggregates. The colloidal state of bitumen is the microstructural basis of the viscoelastic behavior of asphalt. The modified Yen model can further explain the bitumen colloid theory. When asphaltene concentration is lower than …