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Objectives:

To investigate whether infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) increases the risk of tuberculosis.

Design:

A case-control study.

Setting:

City of Salvador, Brazil.

Participants:

A total of 375 patients with tuberculosis (cases) and 378 individuals without tuberculosis (controls), matched by age and sex.

Main Outcome Measure:

Tuberculosis of lung or lymph node.

Main Exposure:

Human HTLV-1 infection.

Results:

The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was 4.27%(16/375) in patients with tuberculosis and 1.32%(5/378) in controls, resulting in a crude odds ratio of 3.31 (95% CI, 1.20-9.13) and an adjusted odds ratio of 3.01 (95% CI, 1.06-8.58).

Conclusion:

HTLV-1 infection is associated with a first diagnosis of tuberculosis. This may have implications for tuberculosis control in places with high prevalence of HTLV-1.