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Socioeconomic position and lifestyle often affect participation in scientific studies. The authors investigated differences in overall and cause-specific mortality between participants and non-participants in the prospective Danish cohort study “Diet, Cancer and Health” and the association between non-participation and mortality by socioeconomic position. A total of 80,996 men and 79,729 women aged 50–64 years, were invited. The authors obtained register data on education, income, death and cause-specific mortality for participants and non-participants and used survival curves to examine differences in overall mortality. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the mortality rate ratio (MRR) by socioeconomic group and by cause of death of participants and non-participants. After a median follow-up of 13 years (5–95 percentiles, 5–14 years), the MRRs for overall mortality among non-participants …