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American trade associations, as minimalist organizations, have grown into a mature population in an environment characterized by intrapopulation norms supporting mutualistic behavior, lack of significant interpopulation competition, and an insti-tutional environment that was usually strongly supportive of capitalist structures. Research on two other evolving populations in the United States--state bar associ-ations and national trade unions—illustrates two alternative fates that trade associ-ations might have experienced. State bar associations, after decades of experimen-tation with alternatives, finally settled on an organizational form that gave them monopoly control over the admission of lawyers to the bar in all 50 states. The bar associations' stunning achievement was solidified because they successfully mobi-lized to win state support. Trade unions, by contrast, struggled to achieve legitimacy against a hostile business community and a state that was antagonistic or indifferent until the 1930s. Even after achieving national legal standing, trade unions (like trade associations) stood outside the formal structure of the state and (unlike trade associations) have gradually seen their gains eroded over the past three decades. We bring together our research on the foundings, mergers, and transformations, and disbandings of American trade associations to tell the story of a population that escaped, at lease up to now, the unhappy fate of its companion population—trade unions--but that has never achieved the iron-clad legitimacy of another population with similar collective goals—state bar associations. As mimimalist organizations, these populations …