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Natural killer (NK) cells may be impaired in patients with persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but studies to date have yielded inconsistent findings due to patient and virus heterogeneity and difficulties obtaining appropriate controls.

To overcome these variables, we have examined numbers, phenotypes, cytotoxic activities and cytokine profiles of circulating NK cells from Irish women who acquired infection through administration of HCV genotype 1b-contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin from a single source and matched controls.

Comparing 29 women who developed persistent infection with 21 who spontaneously resolved infection and 26 controls, we found that NK cell numbers were consistently lower in the persistently infected group (p = 0.02 and 0.002). This decrease was due to depletions of NK cells expressing low levels of CD56 (CD56^dim NK cells; p = 0.004 and 0.0001 …