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In recent years large areas of conventional cereal production in China have been transferred to greenhouse production with huge excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and massive irrigation. However, the effects of this change in land use on soil carbon and nitrogen pools remain to be explored. Here we report a comparative study in which paired soil samples were taken from four greenhouses and from adjacent conventional cereal fields. Soil organic carbon (SOC), carbonate carbon (IC), total nitrogen (TN) and mineral nitrogen (N_min) to 100cm depth and the soil active organic pools, including particulate organic matter (POM), soil microbial biomass (SMB) and dissolved organic matter (DOM), to 0–40cm depth were determined. The natural isotopic signatures of SOC, TN and POM were also analyzed. In both production systems all of the carbon and nitrogen pools in the surface soil (0–10cm) were greater …