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Calcium and vitamin D₃ were co-encapsulated in three types of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions stabilized with biopolymers: gum arabic, sodium alginate (Alg) and chitosan (Ch). Three calcium salts with different solubility were used: calcium carbonate (CaC), tricalcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium gluconate (CaG). In order to study the bioavailability of calcium and vitamin D₃, the W/O/W double emulsions were subjected to digestion in simulated conditions using in vitro gastrointestinal models. The size of the oil droplets of all double emulsions increased in oral phase and decreased in gastric and intestinal phases.

In the intestinal phase, the average diameter of oil globules in the W/O/W(Alg) and W/O/W(Ch) was d₂₃ = 6.56 ± 0.09 and d₂₃ = 5.33 ± 0.01 and the electro-kinetic potential was: ζ ≈ −25 mV and ζ ≈ −17 mV, respectively. Presence of calcium ions in the intestinal fluid …