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As recently as 2009 the number of introductions recorded for South Africa comprised 22 marine and estuarine species. This review aims to reassess the diversity and scale of introduced marine and estuarine species in the region. Accurate taxonomic and systematic work, broad review of historical records and new sampling surveys across selected marine habitats conducted by a team of local and international experts has effectively revealed the presence of previously misidentified, overlooked, or new introductions. A total of 86 introduced and 39 cryptogenic species are recognized, increasing known numbers four and twofold respectively within 1 year, although the current assessment is far from fully comprehensive. Additional species were revealed within the historic literature (76%), from surveys conducted post-2005 (11%) and following taxonomic resolution (13%). Temporal analyses confirmed …