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For the purpose of strengthening the immunogenicity of the hepatitis B vaccine, which contains hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the development of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles (MPs) modified with the cationic surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) was attempted. DDAB–PLA MPs with an uniform size of about 1 μm were prepared in a simple and mild way. DDAB–PLA MPs with increased surface charge enhanced antigen adsorption capacity compared to plain PLA MPs. After immunization, DDAB–PLA MPs induced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which facilitated the following immune responses. DDAB–PLA MPs augmented the expression of co-stimulatory molecules along with the activation of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). DDAB–PLA MP-based vaccine formulations efficiently induced antibody production more than …