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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) are potential biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) but also of secondary insults to the brain. The aim of this study was to describe the cerebral distribution of GFAP, UCH-L1, and MMP-9 in a rat model of diffuse TBI associated with standardized hypoxia-hypotension (HH). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to Sham (n = 10), TBI (n = 10), HH (n = 10), and TBI+HH (n = 10) groups. After 4 hours, brains were rapidly removed and immunostaining of GFAP, UCH-L1, and MMP-9 was performed. Areas of interest that have been described as particularly sensitive to hypoxic insults were analyzed. For GFAP, in the neocortex, immunostaining revealed a significant decrease in strong staining for HH and TBI+HH groups compared with TBI group (P < .0001). For UCH-L1 …