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This study was designed to evaluate hemorheological changes in patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) after 4 weeks of pentoxifylline therapy as well as to study red blood cell microrheological variables after the cell incubation with pentoxifylline and some phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity inhibitors. The patients with CVD (n= 50) and PAD (n= 33) were treated with pentoxifylline (400 mg, thrice a day) for 4 weeks. Before and after drug therapy the hemorheological measurements including plasma and whole blood viscosity, red blood cell aggregation (RBCA) and deformability (RBCD) were completed. In vitro study RBCs were incubated with: 1) Vinpocetine–inhibitor PDE-1, 10 μM; 2) Rolipram–PDE-4, 10 μM; 3) Isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX)–nonselective PDE inhibitor, 100 μM and with pentoxifylline, 10 μM The cell incubation was performed at 37 C for 15 min. There …