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Preclinical and clinical studies can be greatly improved through the inclusion of diagnostic, prognostic, predictive or pharmacodynamics biomarkers. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) represent highly stable targets that respond to physiological and pathological changes. MicroRNA biomarkers can be detected by highly sensitive and absolutely quantitative methods currently available in most clinical laboratories. Here we review preclinical and clinical studies that have examined circulating miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We also present data that suggests pharmacodynamics biomarkers can be identified that are associated with neuroprotection in general. Although circulating miRNA can serve as useful tools, it is clear their expression profiles are highly sensitive to changing conditions and are influenced by a broad range of parameters including age, sex, body mass index, injury …