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In the introduction, I lay out all my thoughts about the way I see data and modeling being framed. I go into detail about all the facets of modeling and of data that I see as relevant to rigorously treating digital trace data. I have a critique of the use of the term ‘algorithmic’for discussing societal impacts of uses of data and modeling, as well as extensive discussion of differences between predictive and explanatory modeling and of fundamental limitations in modeling, and a systematic review of the ways in which social media and sensor data may not generalize.