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1. The Southern Ocean is a large‐scale, relatively homogeneous upwelling ecosystem whose phytoplankton apparently grows suboptimally over much of its area. By contrast there is a wide variety of freshwater habitats in the Antarctic and in some of these phytoplankton growth efficiency is very high. The two habitats share similar temperature and irradiance regimes, but differ markedly in availability of inorganic nutrients, in grazing pressure and in the time‐ and space‐scales on which various physical processes act.

2. Concentrations of inorganic nutrients in the marine ecosystem have been represented as being in excess of phytoplankton requirements, but the ionic composition of some nutrient pools may not conform to phytoplankton preferences.

3. Nutrient‐limitation determines phytoplankton production in Antarctic lakes and gives rise to gross differences between lakes.

4. Irradiance in the water column varies …