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XRCC1 (X-ray cross-complementing group 1) codon 399 and ERCC2 (excision repair cross-complementing group 2) codon 751 polymorphisms were studied in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESQCC) in a North Indian population. Peripheral blood samples of 120 cases and 160 age-and-gender matching controls were collected from North India and the two polymorphisms were studied by means of polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The data were analyzed with a logistic regression model. The XRCC1 codon 399 Gln/Gln genotype was significantly associated with reduced risk of ESQCC (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.12–0.78, P = 0.01). In smokers, the XRCC1 Arg/Gln genotype was marginally and statistically nonsignificantly (OR = 1.5) associated with increased risk of this cancer. In drinkers, the XRCC1 Gln/Gln genotype was significantly protective (OR = 0.06, 95 …