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Antimicrobial de-escalation (ADE) is a strategy to reduce the spectrum of antimicrobials and aims to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance. We present a systematic review describing the definitions, determinants and outcomes associated with ADE. We included 2 randomized controlled trials and 12 cohort studies. There was considerable variability in the definition of ADE. It was more frequently performed in patients with broad-spectrum and/or appropriate antimicrobial therapy (P = .05 to .002), when more agents were used (P = .002), and in the absence of multidrug-resistant pathogens (P < .05). Where investigated, lower or improving severity scores were consistently associated with ADE (P = .04 to <.001). The pooled effect of ADE on mortality is protective (relative risk, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, .52–.88). Because the determinants of ADE are markers of clinical improvement and/or of lower risk of …