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Many concentrated wastewater streams produced in food and agro-industry are treated using sludge digestion. The effluent from sludge digestors frequently contains ammonium in high concentrations (up to 2 kg m⁻³). This ammonium-rich effluent is usually treated by a normal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). When ammonium removal from this concentrated stream is considered, steam stripping or a combination of two biological processes, aerobic nitrification and anoxic denitrification, are the (costly) options. Recently, a novel process was discovered in which ammonium is converted to dinitrogen gas under anoxic conditions with nitrite as the electron acceptor. It has been named Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of ammonium removal from sludge digestion effluents with the Anammox process. Using a synthetic wastewater, it was shown that a …