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The sustainability challenges that sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces tend to be multidimensional and span multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite the inherent difficulty in solving them, such sustainability challenges also offer opportunities for achieving progress on multiple SDGs. This concluding chapter summarises the main characteristics of the different sustainability challenges covered in the two edited volumes. We identify three common underlying themes between chapters, namely, (a) the emergent trade-offs between energy, agriculture, environment and the economy; (b) the low resilience and adaptive capacity to environmental and socioeconomic change; and (c) the constraints and opportunities for designing and implementing solutions to multidimensional sustainability challenges. It is argued that the emerging field of sustainability science is well positioned to lead the research agenda …