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Environmental endocrine disruptors can profoundly impact sex ratios of fish populations, especially if the fish exhibits plasticity in sex determination. The Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia exhibits a genetically based latitudinal cline in numerous traits including temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), which varies from high thermal influence on sex determination in southern fish, to pure genetic sex determination (GSD), with no thermal influence in northern fish. We used this gradient in TSD/GSD to test for differential population susceptibility to a common municipal wastewater constituent, 17 β-estradiol (E 2), among 4 populations with varying levels of TSD. Larvae were exposed to E 2 during sex differentiation and assessed for sex ratios. The sex ratio in southern populations was more responsive to E 2 than in northern populations, indicating differential population sensitivity. To assess the potential …