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Epidemiological studies have reported significant associations of outdoor NO₂ with daily mortality. These studies used ambient NO₂ concentrations as a proxy of personal exposure of outdoor-originated NO₂ (PEO NO₂), which may lead to biased health effect estimates. This study was aiming to explore whether modified outdoor NO₂ exposure can reduce this error. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the outdoor-originated NO₂ concentration in residential buildings in 271 Chinese cities from 2013 to 2015, and then PEO NO₂ was obtained according to time-activity-location patterns of people. We adopted a typical time-series analysis to compare the mortality associations between PEO and outdoor NO₂. The averaged concentrations of PEO and outdoor NO₂ were 16.5 μg/m³ and 31.6 μg/m³, respectively. PEO NO₂ showed a better model fitting and larger effect for its daily mortality association. A 10 …