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Skeletal abnormalities are a recognized component of Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) but a generalized metabolic bone defect in NF1 has not been fully characterized thus far. The purpose of this study was to characterize at the densitometric, biochemical and pathological level the bone involvement in NF1 patients. Using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) we analyzed bone status in 73 unselected NF1 subjects, 26 males and 47 females, mainly children and adolescents (mean age: 16.6 years). In a subgroup of subjects with low bone mass, we measured indices of calcium–phosphate metabolism, bone turnover, and bone density before and after vitamin D and calcium treatment. We found statistically significant and generalized reduction in bone mass with the mean lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) z-score being −1.38±1.05 (CI 95% −1.62 to −1.13), and whole body bone mineral content (BMC) z-score …