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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell failure, reduced incretin effect, and is also associated with disturbed circadian rhythm. Glucotoxicity (high glucose) along with lipotoxicity (high free fatty acids) induces nitro-oxidative stress, which activates pro-inflammatory cytokines eventually leading to insulin resistance. Many pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1-beta (IL1-β), and also melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) genes polymorphisms are found to be associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Progressive deterioration of β-cell function and mass is a crucial parameter in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D. Therefore, it is pertinent to develop novel therapeutic approaches that could stop or even reverse deterioration of β-cell function and mass. We aimed to …