作者
Stefan Scholz, Erika Sela, Ludek Blaha, Thomas Braunbeck, Malyka Galay-Burgos, Mauricio García-Franco, Joaquin Guinea, Nils Klüver, Kristin Schirmer, Katrin Tanneberger, Marysia Tobor-Kapłon, Hilda Witters, Scott Belanger, Emilio Benfenati, Stuart Creton, Mark TD Cronin, Rik IL Eggen, Michelle Embry, Drew Ekman, Anne Gourmelon, Marlies Halder, Barry Hardy, Thomas Hartung, Bruno Hubesch, Dirk Jungmann, Mark A Lampi, Lucy Lee, Marc Léonard, Eberhard Küster, Adam Lillicrap, Till Luckenbach, Albertinka J Murk, José M Navas, Willie Peijnenburg, Guillermo Repetto, Edward Salinas, Gerrit Schüürmann, Horst Spielmann, Knut Erik Tollefsen, Susanne Walter-Rohde, Graham Whale, James R Wheeler, Matthew J Winter
发表日期
2013/12/1
来源
Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology
卷号
67
期号
3
页码范围
506-530
出版商
Academic Press
简介
Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, biocides, feed additives and effluents. These tests raise ethical and economic concerns and are considered as inappropriate for assessing all of the substances and effluents that require regulatory testing. Hence, there is a strong demand for replacement, reduction and refinement strategies and methods. However, until now alternative approaches have only rarely been used in regulatory settings. This review provides an overview on current regulations of chemicals and the requirements for animal tests in environmental hazard and risk assessment. It aims to highlight the potential areas for alternative approaches in environmental hazard identification and risk assessment. Perspectives and limitations of alternative approaches to animal tests using …
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S Scholz, E Sela, L Blaha, T Braunbeck… - Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology, 2013