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Test environment evaluation has become an increasingly important issue in plant breeding. In the context of indirect selection, a test environment can be characterized by two parameters: the heritability in the test environment and its genetic correlation with the target environment. In the context of GGE biplot analysis, a test environment is similarly characterized by two parameters: its discrimination power and its similarity with other environments. This paper investigates the relationships between GGE biplots based on different data scaling methods and the theory of indirect selection, and introduces a heritability-adjusted (HA) GGE biplot. We demonstrate that the vector length of an environment in the HA-GGE biplot approximates the square root heritability () within the environment and that the cosine of the angle between the vectors of two environments approximates the genetic correlation (r) between them …