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The diversity of the order Cingulata is much higher in the fossil record than that represented by the extant species. While pampatheres, one of its extinct groups, are superficially similar to armadillos, recent phylogenetic analysis grouped them with glyptodonts in the clade Glyptodonta. We describe here the first digital endocranial cast of a pampathere, Pampatherium humboldtii, from the Late Pleistocene of Uruguay and compare its morphology with that of glyptodonts and extant and fossil armadillos. Some of the characteristics observed are more similar to those of glyptodonts than to those seen in armadillos. The endocranial cast of Pampatherium has large pedunculate olfactory bulbs, a relative small cerebrum with only one cortical sulcus and a large cerebellum. Although all groups of cingulates, both extant and extinct, have a similar relative brain size, the relative brain size of pampatheres is larger than …