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China has a rich historical heritage of agroforestry, but a quantitative analysis of the potential of agroforestry systems (AFS) for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is missing. A comprehensive meta-analysis of soil C sequestration rates derived from 43 studies was undertaken to determine its most influential parameters. Soil C sequestration rates were calculated for topsoils (0–20 cm, 97 sites) and at two subsoil layers (20–40 cm, 73 sites; 40–60 cm, 54 sites). The results showed highest C sequestration rates for the AFS-type shelterbelt in topsoils (0.92 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), upper subsoils (0.72 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and lower subsoils (0.52 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), followed by agrosilvicultural systems (0.70, 0.48 and 0.43 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively) and silvopastoral systems (0.23, 0.08 and 0.02 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). We tested potential effects of different predictor variables (soil class, AFS-type, land use of the control site …