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Cancer immunotherapies that target tumor-specific T cells have benefited many cancer patients, but the clinical efficacy varies greatly among different cancer types. Tumor-infiltrating T cells often enter a dysfunctional state, widely known as T cell exhaustion, and the antitumor functions of effector T cells are regulated by multiple factors, including the presence of regulatory T cells (T_reg cells). The states and abundances of T cells vary across tumor microenvironments (TMEs) of different cancer types, which may fundamentally influence different clinical parameters such as drug response to immunotherapies.

To build a high-resolution pan-cancer T cell atlas, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on tumors, paracancerous tissues, and blood samples from patients of various cancer types and collected additional published scRNA-seq datasets. The diverse data were …