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The dynamic plastic behavior related to the gradient distribution of twin spacing in 304 stainless steel thin wires is investigated experimentally with the strain rate varying from 1 × 10^− 3/s to 1.5 × 10⁴/s. Such gradient-nanotwinned structures are prepared by surface mechanical attrition treatment. A mechanism-based dynamic plastic model is developed to describe the strain-rate dependent stress-strain response in gradient-nanotwinned austenite stainless steels. A good agreement between experimental data and simulations was achieved, and further theoretical predictions demonstrated that the dynamic plastic behavior is sensitive to the twin spacing and volume fraction of gradient-nanotwinned region in austenite stainless steel wires.