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Antimony (Sb) contamination in paddy fields can lead to its accumulation in rice grains, posing a threat to food safety. To address this issue, the combined use of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and biochar (BC) were applied to decrease the uptake of Sb in Sb-polluted soils, and their effects on Sb uptake from soil to rice grains were investigated. Our results showed that the combination treatment of 0.05 % ZVI and 0.095% BC resulted in a significant decrease (42.8%) in Sb accumulation in rice grains that was comparably more efficient than that by 0.05% ZVI (decrease of 15.8% Sb accumulation) or 0.095% BC (decrease of 12.7% Sb accumulation) alone, demonstrating the synergistic effect of ZVI and BC on mitigating Sb uptake by rice plants. ZVI presence resulted in the formation of iron oxides in the soil and on root surfaces, and the S²⁻/S₂²⁻ ascent also increased by 58.7% on day 75 compared with that of the control …