查看文章

Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) belong to the Papillomaviridae family and are epitheliotropic infecting squamous epithelia (skin and mucosae). HPV is estimated to be the cause of 99% of cervical cancers (there is no evidence of significant genetic predisposition for cervical cancer), 90% of anal cancer, 65% vaginal cancers, 50% vulvar cancers, and 45‑90% oropharyngeal cancers. The route of HPV transmission is primarily through skin‑to‑skin or skin‑to‑mucosa contact. Sexual transmission is the most documented, but there have been studies suggesting non‑sexual courses. The horizontal transfer of HPV includes fomites, fingers, and mouth, skin contact (other than sexual). Self‑inoculation is described in studies as a potential HPV transmission route, as it was certified in female virgins, and in children with genital warts (low‑risk HPV) without a personal history of sexual abuse. Vertical transmission from mother …