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A strain of Aeromonas hydrophila associated with unusual mortalities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) culture facilities was isolated, identified and characterized. In challenge experiments, adult zebrafish were susceptible to infection by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with viable bacteria and its extracellular products (ECPs) reaching very high mortalities in a few hours. The infection, by the viable bacteria or the ECPs, caused cell death in kidney, due to the cytotoxic and haemolytic activities of the bacterial ECPs. Moreover, the infection affected the release of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) reactive free radicals. To determine if this A. hydrophila infection induces an inflammatory response, mRNA expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFNγ) and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) were assessed by real time PCR. The expression levels of TNFα, IL-1β and IFNγ were upregulated in …