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Background: Refugees are defined by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as persons who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence and have a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or membership in a group or political opinion (UNHCR, 1951). Recent statistics estimate the refugee population at about 15 million (UNHCR, 2016). Amid a trend of decreasing numbers of refugees able to voluntarily repatriate to their country of origin, the resettlement of refugees is a growing challenge at all levels from local to global (UNHCR, 2010). Upon arrival to the US, refugees that have been exposed to trauma such as war conflict, genocide, and natural disasters are unprepared to mitigate the daily stressors such as the unfamiliar social, cultural, racial, and gender norms of the United States (Huijits et al., 2012). Per the direct effects model …