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Oesophageal cancer (EC) is among the common causes of illness and death among all cancers worldwide. Advanced EC has a poor prognosis, with worse outcomes observed in low-income settings. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common EC histology reported globally, with the highest ESCC incidence rates in the ‘Asian Belt’ and the African EC corridor. While the aetiology of ESCC is well-documented in the ‘Asian belt’, data for the African EC corridor and the entirety of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are fewer.

To help address gaps in ESCC aetiology in SSA, we critically evaluated evidence of lifestyle, environmental, and epigenetic factors associated with ESCC risk and discussed prospects of defining ESCC exposome.

Unlimited English and non-English articles search were made on PubMed Central and Web of Science databases from January 1970 to …