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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) are the most risk assessed nanoparticles in the aquatic environment due to their increased usage in the various sectors from electronics to consumer products. The natural aquatic system also comprises of numerous toxicants like antibiotics, whose impact on the toxicity of nanoparticles are less assessed. Hence, it is essential to determine the effect of other toxicants on the TiO₂ NP toxicity. In the current study, the impact of antibiotic (tetracycline, TC) on the toxic effect of TiO₂ NPs was studied on a freshwater alga, Scenedesmus obliquus. The median effective concentrations (EC₅₀) of TiO₂ NPs and TC were noted to be 136.88 ± 2.30 μM and 0.63 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Based on the EC₅₀ obtained, three different concentrations of TC, such as 0.34, 0.68, and 1.36 μM have been selected to evaluate their effect on the toxicity of 18.75, 37.5, and 75 μM of TiO₂ NPs …