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Cold adapted bacteria undertake array of adaptive strategies and remain active with an active temperature range of 0–40 °C and activity in the acidic to neutral pH range (pH 4.5–7.0) to withstand in extreme environmental conditions and to retain metabolic and enzymatic activities. In soil, water or food, they were reported to comprise higher population as compared to mesophilic and thermophilic population (can make up to 86% of the total population). The present work critically discusses a detailed account of different strategies of cold adaptations in bacteria at cellular (viz. regulation of cell membrane fluidity through lipidcomposition, carotenoids production, cryoprotectants) and molecular level (differential gene expression, chaperones, proline isomerisation, antifreeze proteins, proteins and enzymes), cold-active cellulases from psychrophiles, their production strategies, the factors affecting and their properties and …