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The impact of short-term exposure to environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity (RH), and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate PM_2.5 as a mediator in the relationship between short-term variations in RH and temperature and COPD severity. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 930 COPD patients in Taiwan from 2017 to 2022. Lung function, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score, and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale were assessed. The mean and differences in 1-day, 7-day, and 30-day individual-level exposure to ambient RH, temperature, and PM_2.5 were estimated. The associations between these factors and clinical outcomes were analyzed using linear regression models and generalized additive mixed models, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and body …