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The surface‐mediated synthesis of epitaxially aligned and separated polyphenylene lines on Cu(110) by exploiting the Ullmann dehalogenation reaction is reported. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show that the C‐I bonds of 1,4‐diiodobenzene and 1,3‐diiodobenzene (C₆H₄I₂) are catalytically cleaved when dosed onto the surface. Subsequent annealing transforms the copper‐bound phenylene intermediates into covalent conjugated structures: linear chains of poly(p‐phenylene) for 1,4‐diiodobenzene and zigzag chains of poly(m‐phenylene) as well as macrocyclic oligomers in the case of 1,3‐diiodobenzene. The chains are strongly bound to the surface (likely through CCu bonds at the chain‐ends) while the macrocycles are very mobile and can only be imaged by STM at low temperature. The detached halogens adsorb on the surface and separate the …