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Camel milk (CM) and its exosomes (CM-EXO) have many health-promoting effects due to their antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects. Herein, we investigated the CM-EXO antimicrobial effect on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Enterococcus feacalis), Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis), and Candida albicans and found only bacteriostatic effects against Gram-negative strains, and fungistatic effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report a selective apoptotic effect of CM-EXOs on HepG2 and CaCo2 cells, but not on normal Vero cells. CM-EXOs also induced the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and reduced antioxidant status in cancer cells but not in normal cells.

Camel milk (CM) has potent antibacterial and antifungal effects and camel milk exosomes (CM-EXO) have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of a large variety of cancer cells including HepaRG, MCF7, Hl60, and PANC1. However, little is known regarding the effects of CM-EXO on bacteria, fungi, HepG2, CaCo2, and Vero cells. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects of CM-EXO. EXOs were isolated from CM by ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscope and flow cytometry. Unlike CM, CM-EXO (6 mg/mL) had no bactericidal effects on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Enterococcus feacalis) but they had bacteriostatic effects, especially against Gram-negative strains …