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The pain conditions and comorbidities experienced by injured service members and the challenge of pain management by the military medical system offer a unique opportunity to inform pain management and medical research. In this article, acute and chronic pain issues, current treatment options and limitations, as well as novel approaches to pain management are discussed within the context of combat casualty care, from the battlefield to hospitalization and rehabilitation. This review will also highlight the current pain management limitations that need to be addressed in future clinical and basic science research to improve care for our nation’s injured service members.