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The rat brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene consists of four short 5‐exons linked to separate promoters and one 3′‐exon encoding the mature BDNF protein. Using in situ hybridization we demonstrate here that kindling‐induced seizures, cerebral ischaemia and insulin‐induced hypoglycaemic coma increase BDNF mRNA levels through insult‐ and region‐specific usage of three promoters within the BDNF gene. Both brief (2 min) and longer (10 min) periods of forebrain ischaemia induced significant and major increases only of exon III mRNA in the dentate gyrus. Following hypoglycaemic coma (1 and 30 min), exon III mRNA was markedly elevated in the dentate gyrus and, in addition, exon I mRNA showed a moderate increase. Single and recurrent (n= 40) hippocampal seizures significantly increased expression of exon I, II and III mRNAs in the dentate gyrus granule cells. After recurrent seizures …