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Globally, fisheries catch of non‐target species has major environmental impacts, resulting in social conflict, litigation, and fisheries closures. We use a bio‐economic approach to demonstrate that compensatory mitigation – an innovative, market‐influenced approach to fishery–conservation conflicts – can facilitate high‐value uses of biological resources and cost‐effective conservation gains for species of concern. We illustrate the strategy with a seabird example: levying fishers for their bycatch and using the funds to remove invasive mammals from breeding islands. Removal of invasive predators is 23 times more effective from a return‐on‐investment perspective (ie percent increase in population growth per dollar invested) in comparison to fisheries closures, and is more socio‐politically feasible. A bycatch levy, which would increase with endangerment, provides an individual incentive for avoiding bycatch, the …