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The chapter reports on empirical results from study sites on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. The area was chosen to represent the lowland humid tropical forest zone in Asia for the global Alternatives to Slash and Burn project (ASB). The 'ASB matrix' of indicators is applied to a series of crop monoculture, agroforestry and forest management land uses in Sumatra. The ASB research in Indonesia is distinguished by including analysis of large estates as well as smallholder activities. At least six distinct interest groups have a stake in the trajectory of land-use in Sumatra, but there are crucial differences among them in the weights they place on the various economic and environmental outcomes of forest conversion.