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We apply Fe K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of high-energy X-ray scattering to investigate the effects of bivalent cation–oxyanion pairs on the structure of Fe(III) precipitates formed from the oxidation of Fe(II) generated by the electrolytic dissolution of Fe(0) electrodes. We found that Fe(II) oxidation in the presence of weakly adsorbing electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl₂, MgCl₂) leads to pseudo-lepidocrocite (Lp; γ-FeOOH), a poorly crystalline version of Lp with low sheet-stacking coherence. In the absence of bivalent cations, P and As(V) have similar uptake behavior, but different effects on the average Fe(III) precipitate structure: pseudo-Lp dominates in the presence of P, whereas a disordered ferrihydrite-like precipitate akin to hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) is the dominant phase that forms in the presence of As(V). Despite its lower affinity for Fe …