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Defining quantitative soil health benchmarks can support efforts to improve soil quality and meet broader ecosystem services goals, while simultaneously helping field-level benchmarking of soil health on farms. However, soil health metrics in agricultural systems require edaphic context, notably climate, soil texture and classification, as well as cropping system information for optimal interpretation. Soil samples (n = 1328) from New York State (USA) with Land Resource Regions (LRR), texture, and cropping system information were analyzed for eight physical and biological soil health indicators (i.e., soil organic matter, permanganate-oxidizable carbon, respiration, protein, available water capacity, wet aggregate stability from 0 to 15 cm depth, and penetration resistance from 0 to 15 and 15–45 cm), from which population distribution functions were determined. Production environment soil health (PESH) benchmarks …