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Acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly occurs in hospitalized patients and is independently and strongly associates with morbidity and mortality. The clinical benefits of a timely and definitive diagnosis of AKI have not been fully realized due to limitations imposed by the use of serum creatinine and urine output to fulfill diagnostic criteria. These restrictions often lead to diagnostic delays, potential misclassification of actual injury status, and provide little information regarding underlying cause. Novel biomarkers of damage have shown ability to reflect ongoing kidney injury and help further refine existing Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) and Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) diagnostic criteria. A comprehensive review of the published literature to date was performed using previously published methodology of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) working group to establish consensus …