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MATERIALS AND METHODS Site Descriptions Two experimental sites were selected to establish trees as part of the study. The aim was to compare results between a supposedly clean background site and one that was heavily polluted. Withdean Park is a small urban park (15 ha [37 ac]) situated next to the London Road in Brighton, East Sussex. Serving as the main northern route into the town, this is an extremely busy road. Heavy congestion occurs during the morning and afternoon rush hours due to commuter traffic and public service vehicles, and also during the weekends due to the town’s popularity as a seaside resort. The background location was the University of Sussex field site. This is a small (1-ha [2.5-ac]) experimental plot used for a variety of field work studies at the university. It is situated among pasture on the outskirts of Brighton on the South Downs.