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An electrochemical model was developed to study the current–voltage (J–V) characteristics of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The Butler–Volmer equation, Fick’s model and Ohm’s law were used to determine the activation, concentration and ohmic overpotentials, respectively. One important feature of this model is that both the exchange current density and gas diffusion coefficients were dependent on the cell microstructures (porosity and pore size) and operational parameters (temperature, pressure and gas composition). The simulation results were compared with experimental data from the literature, and good agreement was obtained. The subsequent parametric modeling analyses determined how individual overpotentials were related to the geometric and operational parameters. It was found that there existed optimal values of electrode pore size and porosity for maximum cell performance. Both the activation …