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Cenococcum geophilum (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) is one of the most common ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal and temperate regions. Although C. geophilum was originally considered as a single species, accumulating evidence suggests that C. geophilum is actually a diverse species complex. Here we provide an overview of the current data on global host range, distribution and biogeography of C. geophilum and discuss what is known about the spatial genetic structure at scales from soil cores to biomes to continents. Recent molecular data indicate that the genetic diversity within C. geophilum can be incredibly high, even at the scale of a single soil core. This highlights the need to characterize Cenococcum samples phylogenetically prior to population studies so that cryptic, reproductively isolated species are not admixed together in the analyses. Also sampling design and effort are critical for …